PHYLOGENY OF AFRICAN CHARACIFORMS AND CENOZOIC RADIATION OF ALESTIDAE (TELEOSTEI: OSTARIOPHYSI)
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Here we use phylogenomic data of ultraconserved elements (UCE) and time-calibrated analyses of 83 characiforms, as well as microcomputed tomography scans (µCT) of 117 characiforms to investigate character evolution. The phylogeny with 1,012 UCE loci reveals a newly recognized family-level clade containing two taxa: the Niger tetra Arnoldichthys from the lower Niger and Ogun rivers of Nigeria, and the dwarf jellybean tetra Lepidarchus from rivers of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Time-trees indicate that the Alestidae, Hepsetidae, and new clade originated during the Santonian-Campanian of the Late Cretaceous (84–77.5 million years ago). µCT scans provide three novel morphological characters supporting Hepsetidae + clade with Arnoldichthys and Lepidarchus, four characters for monophyly of the new clade, and five for Alestidae. The time-calibrated phylogeny indicates an increased Cenozoic diversification of fishes of the family Alestidae with species-rich clades appearing in the Paleogene, particularly Alestopetersius, Brachyalestes, and Micralestes. The Santonian-Campanian divergence indicates allopatric speciation processes influenced by the Trans-Saharan Seaway, which seemingly partitioned the African ichthyofauna in a west-east orientation, and early cladogenesis aligns with the Cenomanian fossil record and is circa 16–23 Ma younger than the earliest characiform-like fossils from Late Cretaceous outcrops of Morocco and Sudan. This study highlights the magnitude of Cretaceous transgression and K-Pg boundary events in shaping the freshwater biota and gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary history and paleobiogeography of ray-finned fishes across the African continent." 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Here we use phylogenomic data of ultraconserved elements (UCE) and time-calibrated analyses of 83 characiforms, as well as microcomputed tomography scans (µCT) of 117 characiforms to investigate character evolution. The phylogeny with 1,012 UCE loci reveals a newly recognized family-level clade containing two taxa: the Niger tetra Arnoldichthys from the lower Niger and Ogun rivers of Nigeria, and the dwarf jellybean tetra Lepidarchus from rivers of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Time-trees indicate that the Alestidae, Hepsetidae, and new clade originated during the Santonian-Campanian of the Late Cretaceous (84–77.5 million years ago). µCT scans provide three novel morphological characters supporting Hepsetidae + clade with Arnoldichthys and Lepidarchus, four characters for monophyly of the new clade, and five for Alestidae. The time-calibrated phylogeny indicates an increased Cenozoic diversification of fishes of the family Alestidae with species-rich clades appearing in the Paleogene, particularly Alestopetersius, Brachyalestes, and Micralestes. The Santonian-Campanian divergence indicates allopatric speciation processes influenced by the Trans-Saharan Seaway, which seemingly partitioned the African ichthyofauna in a west-east orientation, and early cladogenesis aligns with the Cenomanian fossil record and is circa 16–23 Ma younger than the earliest characiform-like fossils from Late Cretaceous outcrops of Morocco and Sudan. This study highlights the magnitude of Cretaceous transgression and K-Pg boundary events in shaping the freshwater biota and gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary history and paleobiogeography of ray-finned fishes across the African continent." 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